透明质酸生理功能及其应用研究进展

透明质酸是一种在体内广泛分布的黏多糖,已成功用于骨科、眼科、整形美容、保健食品等领域,但仍有许多新的应用领域不断被开发。主要介绍了透明质酸的生理功能,并结合透明质酸的结构特性,综述了透明质酸在保健食品、化妆品、美容、骨科、眼科等几个方面应用的研究进展。     

Effect of yeast with bacteriocin from rumen bacteria on laying performance,blood biochemistry,faecal microbiota and egg quality of laying hens

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of yeast with bacteriocin from Ruminococcus albus 7 (albusin B) on physiological state and production performance of laying hens. One hundred and twenty 26‐week‐old Single Comb White Leghorn (Hyline) laying hens were assigned into five groups including: (i) control group, (ii) yeast control (YC), (iii) 0.125% yeast with bacteriocin (0.125B), (iv) 0.25% yeast with bacteriocin (0.25B) and (v) 0.5% yeast with bacteriocin (0.5B). All supplements were added to the experimental diets of the hens from 26 to 46 weeks of age. Samples were collected every 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the wing vein for blood biochemical parameters assay, and faecal samples were collected by swab for the microbiota test. The egg production performance was recorded daily, and fresh eggs were collected for quality test. The blood biochemical assay results indicated that the addition of yeast with bacteriocin decreased the AST (aspartate aminotransferase) activity and it also affects the lactate concentration in laying hen blood. The result of egg quality indicated that yeast with bacteriocin supplementation had no effect on the mass of yolk and the strength of eggshell, but it had positive effect on the laying performance under hot environment. Low concentration bacteriocin (0.125B) supplementation could decrease total yolk cholesterol. The faecal microbiota result indicated that the supplementation of bacteriocin increased the lactobacilli counts. The yeast with bacteriocin supplementation significantly decreased the clostridia counts under hot environment condition, especially in hens receiving 0.25B. Combining the data from clinic chemistry, faecal microbiota, egg production and egg quality, the 0.25B supplementation may result in the best physiological parameter and egg production performance of laying hen.     

镉对苗期高羊茅的形态和生理影响

以20份高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种为试验材料,通过测量其形态指标,运用标准差系数赋予权重法,对其进行综合评价。结果筛选出耐镉性较强的高羊茅材料M15和M8,分别采自美国的猎狗5和荷兰的巴弗斯;耐镉性较差的高羊茅材料M5和M11,分别采自荷兰的米斯特拉尔和来自日本的法恩。在此基础上,采用分光光度法,测定了这4份材料的生理指标,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、叶绿素和脯氨酸(Pro)含量的变化,进一步研究了他们的生理反应。结果表明,随着镉浓度的升高,耐镉性较强的高羊茅材料猎狗5与和巴弗斯POD和CAT含量一直呈上升趋势,而耐镉性较差的材料米斯特拉尔和法恩POD和CAT含量则呈现先升后降的趋势。随着镉浓度的升高,不同材料的叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,不同材料的脯氨酸含量则呈不断上升趋势。     

花期低温对水稻叶鞘生理及结实率的影响

盆栽条件下，以耐冷性不同的2个水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种龙稻5（耐冷型）和龙粳11（冷敏型）为材料，于开花期在人工气候室进行低温（15℃，分别持续1，2，3，4，5 d）处理，研究开花期低温对不同耐冷性水稻结实率及叶鞘膜透性、抗氧化酶等生理指标的影响。结果表明：低温处理2 d时，龙稻5和龙粳11的花粉活力分别下降了8.21%和16.10%，差异达极显著水平；低温处理3 d后，龙稻5的结实率下降到99.90%，与CK相比差异达到显著水平；低温处理1 d后，龙粳11的结实率下降到60.04%，与对照相比差异达到极显著水平。低温处理提高了水稻叶鞘相对电导率和脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量，处理5 d时各指标达最大值，与CK相比，龙稻15和龙粳11分别提高了38.01%和20.77%、25.06%和84.85%、25.82%和23.63%。同时低温处理也提高了叶鞘超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性，处理3 d时酶活性达最大值，龙稻15和龙粳11分别较CK提高了10.57%和14.90%、86.26%和68.71%、17.73%和28.25%。综上所述，开花期低温引起水稻叶鞘膜脂过氧化程度升高，但也诱导水稻叶鞘抗氧化系统开启、保护酶活性上升以抵御低温伤害；开花期低温导致水稻花粉活力降低并引起结实率降低，耐冷品种较冷敏品种抵御能力强。     

稀土微肥氯化镨调控马铃薯生长发育及抗旱的生理机制

为提高马铃薯抗旱性，选择增施适量的稀土微肥氯化镨水溶液，旨在探究氯化镨增强马铃薯抗旱性的生理机制。本试验以马铃薯品种“大西洋”为材料，以土壤质量含水量的32%~35%（Water-CK）、23%~25%（Water-1）和15%~18%（Water-2）为3个水分梯度，分别浇灌0、30、60、90、120 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1 PrCl₃水溶液，测定了苗期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标及成熟期株高、茎粗等生长指标。结果表明：随土壤质量含水量的减少，马铃薯幼苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量、相对电导率及SOD、POD和CAT活性显著上升，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别升高了33.81%、101.12%、136.28%、46.11%、145.37%、59.84%和63.13%；马铃薯成熟期株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重显著降低，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别降低了3.91%、12.36%、30.17%、38.05%、30.00%和36.40%。在Water-2处理下，当PrCl₃浓度为90 mg·L^-1时，马铃薯叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量分别较未增施PrCl₃水溶液提高了162.35%、59.59%、154.45%，MDA 含量、O^{—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]}₂产生速率及相对电导率分别降低了67.70%、25.29%、37.70%，抗氧化酶（SOD,POD,CAT）活性提高了38.35%、28.08%、66.00%，成熟期马铃薯株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重分别增加了67.87%、21.68%、32.81%、49.05%、187.50%和63.91%。干旱胁迫下增施适量稀土微肥氯化镨可提高幼苗植株细胞内渗透调节物质含量，增强抗氧化酶活性，减少自由基的积累，缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗生长发育造成的损伤，提高植株生产力，增强抗旱性。     

盐胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以银叶向日葵ARG1807（Wt）为供试材料，陕葵2号的保持系（HA）和恢复系（HL）为对照材料，利用250 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫处理7 d，分析供试材料与对照材料盐胁迫前后的形态变化以及叶片中的叶绿素、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及SOD活性等生理指标差异，探究银叶向日葵耐盐的形态和生理基础。结果表明：（1）Wt的株高、叶面积增量以及根、茎、叶生物量分别比未进行NaCl胁迫处理植株（对照，CK）减少24.53%、38.21%、2.59%、5.50%、3.42%，其变化幅度小于HA和HL。(2) 在盐胁迫处理下，各向日葵品种的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）均显著下降，而气孔限制值（Ls）显著上升，说明HA、HL与Wt净光合速率降低主要是由于气孔因素。（3）在盐胁迫下，3个向日葵品种叶片的脯氨酸含量（Pro）、丙二醛含量（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性以及过氧化氢酶活性（CAT）均发生了显著变化，其中，Wt的脯氨酸含量、SOD活性、POD活性以及CAT活性分别比CK增加279.94%、65.09%、211.11%和55.91%，高于HA 和HL，而MDA含量比CK增加231.10%，低于HA。（4）随着时间的推移，3个向日葵品种叶片失水速率均显著上升，其中，Wt的失水速率一直低于HA、HL。在失水150 min时，HA失水速率最高，达84%，Wt叶片失水最慢，失水速率为69%，说明Wt在保水能力方面具有显著优势。（5）观察向日葵叶片表型发现：Wt的叶片表皮毛长度长，密度明显多于HA和HL，推测这可能是Wt保水性强于HA和HL的原因。分析表明：在盐逆境下，形态指标和生理指标，均为银叶向日葵表现最佳，优势突出，表明其在盐逆境下具有更强的适应能力。     

生长年限对苜蓿和柠条光合特征及土壤水分的影响

为了探究生长年限对衰败期苜蓿和中老龄柠条的叶片光合生理特征及土壤水分的影响，在2014年于地处黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带强烈侵蚀中心的神木六道沟小流域，测定了不同生长年限苜蓿（ALF₁₀、ALF₁₃、ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉）和柠条（KOP₁₀、KOP₂₅、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃）的叶片光合参数、叶结构性状参数以及0~400 cm土层土壤体积含水量（SWC_0-400）。结果表明：对于衰败期苜蓿，ALF₁₀和ALF₁₃叶片净光合速率（P_n）差异不显著（P>0.05），而后随生长年限的延长逐渐降低，ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉比ALF₁₃叶片的P_n（24.01 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别降低了2.32 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.76 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比ALF₁₀，随生长年限延长SWC_0-400恢复至10.88%（ALF₁₃），而后随着生长年限延长降低至8.81%（ALF₃₃）和6.12%（ALF₄₉）。土壤水分对ALF₃₃的限制作用不明显，水分胁迫使ALF₄₉非气孔限制值比ALF₃₃增大了0.340。对于中老龄期柠条，叶片P_n随生长年限的延长先升高后降低，KOP₂₅和KOP₄₃叶片P_n最大且两者差异不显著（P>0.05），比KOP₁₀（6.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别增大了6.57 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.66 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，KOP₇₃比KOP₄₃叶片P_n降低了4.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。对于同为黄绵土生长的KOP₁₀、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃，SWC_0-400随生长年限延长逐渐上升，分别为8.50%、9.06%和10.71%。土壤水分恢复使KOP₄₃叶片气孔及非气孔限制值比KOP₁₀柠条降低了0.185和2.180。此外，柠条叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）与P_n呈极显著正相关（P<0.001），相关系数为0.514。研究结果表明衰败期苜蓿和中老龄期柠条叶片光合性能呈波动式变化，这与土壤水分的相互作用有关。     

河北省2018年第三季度马铃薯价格走势分析

依据对马铃薯价格的实时监控，以2018年河北省第三季度马铃薯价格为主要研究对象，阐明了2018年河北省马铃薯价格横向水平及纵向变化趋势，并对影响价格的因素进行了数据分析。结果显示：在河北、山东、甘肃3大产区及全国，2018年第三季度河北省马铃薯价格处于最低水平，明显低于全国平均水平，但年同比增幅最大。分析表明：马铃薯库存、气候的变化以及马铃薯收获期是影响第三季度河北省马铃薯价格的主要因素。最后，根据分析结果，提出调整种植结构、适时出售的建议。     

Measuring trail users’ perception of crowding in a peri-urban nature park: A best-worst scaling experiment

This paper evaluates the perception of crowding, its determinants and relationship with trail users’ experience in a peri-urban nature park. Existing crowding surveys rely heavily on a single-item 9-point crowding scale which was originally developed for backcountry areas. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to test the validity and reliability of this measure in detecting crowding issues and formulating visitor capacity limits. Low validity and reliability raised concerns about the applicability of this scale in similar frontcountry areas. Inability of this simple crowding measure to detect a visitor threshold brings to the fore its another important limitation – ignorance of the complexity of crowding phenomenon. The perception of crowding varies with various social, psychological and situational factors, and a best-worst scaling (BWS) experiment was designed to simultaneously evaluate different aspects of crowding in the Medvednica Nature Park, a peri-urban nature park near Zagreb, Croatia. The findings of BWS experiment revealed that occupancy of mountain huts, number of other hikers on the trail and amount of litter along the trail on average contributed most to the trail users’ sense of crowding. A latent class analysis identified a large heterogeneity in the perception of crowding; while one group of trail users (63%) was more disturbed by the direct social impacts, the others (37%) were more disturbed by the secondary impacts of other visitors, especially by the negative externalities from road traffic in the park. Older visitors had a greater tendency to primarily associate crowding with the environmental conditions. A higher impact of trail use level in the perception of crowding, younger age and more frequent use were associated with a more negative evaluation of crowding. The park management should closely monitor road traffic in the park and visitor activity on highly used trails, especially on those popular among younger trail users.